PALISADES

ZOYSIAGRASS

PALISADES

ZOYSIAGRASS

Developed by

Texas A&M University

in cooperation with the

United States Golf Association

1996

Palisades Zoysiagrass

Petition to Release

PLANT MATERIALS RELEASE PROPOSAL SUMMARY FORM

Date 1 April 1996

1. CROP Zoysiagrass Type of Release Varietal

2. Proposed name or identification: Palisades

3. Designation or name in development stages: DALZ8514

4. Primary features or advantages: Palisades (Z. japonica Stued.) is a chance hybrid of the maternal clone Z-44, a clone obtained from Beltsville, Md in 1981, with an unknown pollen source from a zoysiagrass germplasm field nursery. It is vegetatively propagated, uniform in growth expression and genetically stable (2n=40). Palisades is distinguished from other zoysiagrasses by its aggressive regrowth by rhizomes and stolons, medium-coarse texture, good winter hardiness, tolerance to low mowing, good-excellent shade tolerance, and low water use requirement. The harvest cycle of Palisades can approach 6 - 8 months, in contrast to the industry standard "Meyer" which averages 15-24 months. Palisades has reasonably good salt tolerance. It's area of adaptation extends northward to Central Kansas based on NTEP trials conducted from 1991-1994. Additional extensive testing has been initiated in the Chicago area in 1995. The target market for Texas will include those turfs presently being planted to St. Augustinegrass. Nationally, Palisades will fit into the golf course market in fairways and tees, and the home lawn industry. Palisades has tested resistant to Pythium and moderately resistant to Rhizoctonia blight. Palisades is moderately resistant to the Tropical sod webworm, tawny mole cricket and zoysia mite, but has tested susceptible to the fall armyworm. Palisades differs from Crowne in growth rate, tolerance to low mow conditions and initiates spring growth earlier in the spring. Palisades will perform well for fairways and roughs of golf courses whereas Crowne will not tolerate the low height of cut for fairways.

5. Plant Variety Protection - suggested action: Certification required, process for Plant Patent as this is a vegetatively propagated species.

6. Planting Stock -- amount available and date: Approximately 1000 m² of breeder class sod and 8000 m² of foundation grade sod, is under the USDA fire ant compliance program, will be available for harvest and distribution approximately 1 June 1996. All breeder and foundation grade planting stocks are maintained at Texas A&M Res. and Ext. Center - Dallas, TX.

7. Provisions to maintain breeder seed: Breeder stock will be maintained by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station - Dallas.

8. Proposed seed stock distribution: This grass is widely adapted to the Central and Southern United States and with its combined agronomic merits has considerable appeal for use on home lawns, golf course roughs, shaded and full sun turf areas, and in areas were water quality, and availability is a problem. This variety would be well suited for release to an Association or and Individual where licensing and sub-licensing rights would be expected. The Texas Sod Producers have expressed an interest in a variety which will allow them to impact the St. Augustine market, which presently accounts for 40 - 50% of the sod market.. Specifically the rapid production cycling with good shade tolerance and low water use with Palisades are considered highly desirable for commercial sales.. We suggest the Texas Sod Producers Association (TSPA) be licensed for production and marketing in the state of TEXAS, and they be granted sub-licensing rights to monitor as they deem necessary. The sub-licensing would require fees paid to the association, with shared fees (50%) to Texas A&M. A realistic royalty expectation (10%) divided between TAMU and the Association would also be expected for which a portion would be designated in a grant back program (to the association) in support of an Association based marketing and advertising program. An initial quantity of foundation grade sod would be required by each sub-licensee ($1.00 per sq ft) with a minimum of 5000 sq ft. With additional planting stock being made available at $0.30 per square ft.

Submitted by:

Breeder and Scientists Unit Head - Mr. Randy Upshaw

M. C. Engelke, Ph. D. Mr. Randy Upshaw

with

R. H. White, P. F. Colbaugh, J. A. Reinert, Kenneth L. Marcum, B. A. Ruemmele, S. J. Morton

PALISADES ZOYSIAGRASS

M. C. Engelke, R. H. White, P. F. Colbaugh, J. A. Reinert, K. Marcum,
B. A. Ruemmele and S. J. Morton.

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) is native to the pacific rim countries with climatic extension of latitudes to 50^o. The genera has approximately 10 species recorded in the literature, however only 7 different species have been collected and studied over the past 50 years, with three species having significance for turf. The primary species of interest are Z. japonica, Z. matrella, and Z. tenuifolia. The species biological adaptation ranges across environmental requiems similar to buffalograss, having excellent tolerance to temperature extremes and low moisture conditions. Generally speaking, the coarser textured species (Z. japonica) have excellent cold hardiness, whereas the finer textured species (Z. tenuifolia) generally lack winter hardiness. The genera is stable with 2n = 40 chromosomes. The zoysia's in general have low self fertility, and will intercross with other species. Speciation is primarily attributed to geographic distribution and floral niching. The species is noted for excellent salt tolerance, tolerance to temperature extremes, low fertility needs, and low moisture requirements. At the onset of this breeding program there were essentially three cultivars of zoysiagrass available to the commercial market, namely Meyer, Emerald and Midwest . The primary market area was in the Midwestern regions including Kansas, Missouri and Maryland. Major concerns with the use of the species was targeted toward cost and availability as the species was relatively slow to establish and the harvest cycles ranged from 15 -30 months. The objectives of the breeding program with Texas A&M and sponsored by the United States Golf Association was to develop cultivars which would fit the environmental niche of reduced water, nutrient and pesticide usage while simultaneous developing varieties which were more economical to produce.

'DALZ8514' ZOYSIAGRASS proposed name ' Palisades ' is a medium-coarse textured vegetatively propagated clone of Zoysia japonica which is noted specifically for its tolerance to low light conditions (shade), and low water use, excellent cold hardiness, and rapid recuperative ability. It is intermediate in salt tolerance. Palisades was developed and submitted for released by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in 1996. Palisades will be suitable for use as a warm-season turfgrass for golf course fairways, and roughs, shaded tee boxes throughout the transition zone, home lawns, sports fields, industrial parks, and highway medians. Optimum mowing height will range from 1.0 - 5.0 cm. On tees and fairways, mowing heights of 6 - 8 mm is possible with acceptable results.

ORIGIN AND BREEDING HISTORY:

Palisades is a Zoysia japonica, and is a chance hybrid from a maternal clone FZ-44, a Florida accession obtained in 1981, which was open pollinated in a nursery of 179 other zoysia accessions. It is a vegetatively reproduced clone which was further identified from space plant nursery plantings for its aggressive growth, good quality an adaptability to low maintenance cultural conditions. Its chromosome number is 2n=40, and it demonstrates low self fertility.

PERFORMANCE AND ADAPTATION:

Palisades has been evaluated in field, greenhouse and laboratory studies in conjunction with the United States Golf Association Zoysiagrass Improvement Program (USGA-ZIP) since 1983 and was included in the 1991 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) along with 24 additional zoysiagrass varieties and cultivars. The NTEP trials were established at 23 distinct environments (locations) in 16 states (Table 1a). (Morris 1993, 1994) (Annual reports on file a the TAMU-Dallas and at USDA, BARC, Beltsville, MD). The various agronomic performance characters measured are summarized in Table 1b. The planned observations were identified by a committee of scientist familiar with the species and with the targeted utility. Observations were made monthly or seasonally for each of the characters listed at all locations.

Of the 24 varieties in the NTEP trials, 11 varieties were identified as Z. matrella and 13 were identified as Z. japonica (Table 2). In general the Z. matrella species is characterized as fine textured with either short or long leaf length. In contrast, the Z. japonica's have a wider leaf and will range for a short stubby leaf, to a longer broader leaf type such as Palisades. Overall, turf quality ratings , on a 1-9 scale, where 9 = ideal, ranged from 4.1 - 6.1 averaged over 3 yrs and the 23 locations. Palisades ranked 10.5 out of 24 for turf quality (NTEP RANK - Table 2) with an average quality reading = 5.7. When compared only with the 13 Z. japonica's, Palisades tied for 4th ranking in overall turf performance (Table 2- TPI by species). Quality ratings of the Z .japonica's ranged from 4.8 to 5.9 with Palisades near the top, averaging 5.7, and tied for 3rd place. Recognition must be given to the diversity of climates in which the NTEP zoysiagrass trials were conducted. It is therefore recommended that attention be given to each of the regions and or unique environments of the trials to determine the "local" adaptability of the variety or cultivar under test. For example in the ranking of mean turfgrass performance across all test sites for 1992 (Table 3) Palisades ranked 6th of the 24 entries over 23 locations, yet by individual sites Palisades ranked 1st in Georgia and Kentucky, 2nd in Texas and as low as 16th at one of the three California test sites. In 1993 (Table 4) Palisades ranked 9th with a 1st ranking in Georgia and Virginia, a 2nd ranking in Oklahoma and as low as 20th in Missouri. Obviously this grass has consistently shown excellent performance in some areas and poor performance in others. This will be characteristic of any cultivar due to local environmental or test conditions. Overall, this is one of the highest ranking Z. japonica's available. Palisades consistently out ranked Meyer, and El Toro which are the industry standards for zoysia utility-turfs.

Other important agronomic characteristics include:

WATER USE REQUIREMENTS:

The zoysiagrasses different considerably in there morphological appearance which is often confusing to the practicianer, however the species classification appears to transcend the textural classes identified by other researchers. Obviously the appropriate species classification of many of the zoysiagrasses appears under question, White et al. grouped the grasses in to 4 textural classes including (1) short narrow, (2) short wide, (3) long narrow, and (4) long wide leaf types. The leaf width primarily separates the grasses into species recognition. Z. matrella is generally considered to have a rather narrow leaf blade and would include plants of the 1 and 3 class, whereas Z. japonica is considerably broader leafed and would include classes 2 and 4. For the sake of grouping the grasses according to "leaf width", only two classes are used in Table 2 which recognizes the performance of the grasses by species type. As recognized by White et al. as well, leaf width was the dominate feature controlling water needed. Wide leaf types generally required less water than narrow leaf types regardless of the length, yet considerable genetic variability among the various entries suggest that improvements can be made of lower water use in all types of plants.

Palisades is a textural class =4 with long broad leaves and is recognized as a low water demand turfgrass as determined by the Linear Gradient Irrigation System (Table 5). Palisades maintains excellent ground cover (Table 6) without supplemental irrigation. A demonstration plot on the non-irrigated slope of a golf green in Lawrence KS (front cover) persist without irrigation in comparison to surrounding Meyer zoysiagrass which entered dormancy during the same time period.

A long-term goal of the breeding program at Texas A&M has been to develop turfgrasses which have substantially lower demands on potable water resources through irrigation. Zoysiagrasses have traditionally be noted for their relatively low water use and general low maintenance. Meyer, the industry standard was released in 1951. Concerns have been expressed over Meyer's suitability for today's turf industry, however, a primary objective of the zoysiagrass breeding program was to maintain or improve on the low cultural needs for new grasses as compared to Meyer. The Linear Gradient Irrigation System (LGIS) at TAES-Dallas was designed to assess water needs under natural environmental conditions (Fig. 1) (White et al. 1993). Studies were initiated in 1986 to evaluate the relative water requirement of numerous turfgrasses including 21 experimental and commercial varieties of zoysia spp. The data for irrigation requirements from 1989 - 1991 indicated considerable differences among zoysiagrasses (Table 5). Based on the 3 year study, the mean irrigation required for El Toro was 48% of that required for Meyer, and about 67% of that required for FC13521 and Emerald. Two of the experimentals, Crowne and Palisades would allow reductions in irrigation that are equal to or greater than for El Toro when compared to existing commercial cultivars.

Palisades is one of the lowest consumers of water as reflected in its performance under the Linear Irrigation system over 3 yr monitoring period. In general, the lowest water use is among those cultivars with the longest and widest (Textural class = 4) leaf texture. Which includes cultivars such as Crowne, Palisades and El Toro. It should be noted that considerable variation exist among the other textural classes as well. From a practical standpoint, we have noticed in the production fields established in 1994 that Palisades is consistently one of the last plants to exhibit drought stress.

Long term low water use requirements in turf is manifested in a) prolonged color retention, b) persistence of turf cover, and 3) invasion of turf site with weeds. Note the consistency of turf color, cover and the absence of weed invasion in Palisades and other varieties marked in Fig. 2.

SHADE TOLERANCE: Light, water and nutrition are key components of the environment required for plant growth and development. With adequate water and nutrition, light frequently becomes the limiting growth factor. According to Dudeck and Peacock (1992) 20 - 25% of all existing turfs is maintained under some degree of shade from buildings, shrubs, or Trees.

Zoysiagrass, a "C4" species generally demonstrates fair to good tolerance to low light conditions. However, low light tolerance appears to be under genetic control. This study was undertaken to identify the relative low light tolerance of the 24 varieties and/or cultivars of the 1991 NTEP trials. The study was conducted under live oak (Querus viriginianus) shade with incoming radiation measured at approximately 10% of full sun light. Assessment of plant performance was based on density, texture, color, percent green cover, and percent turf cover over 3 years. The 46 observations (Table 6a) were taken over a period of 4 years are summarized (Table 6b) to show the relative shade tolerance of each grass in the study. Meyer the commercial standard is generally classified as having reasonable shade tolerance. By comparison, Palisades exhibited excellent shade tolerance ranking 9th among the 26 entries in the study while Meyer ranked 21st.

SALT TOLERANCE: Meyer has been considered the industry standard among zoysiagrasses and as such was considered to have a low water requirement and excellent salt tolerance. By comparison, Palisades exhibited moderate tolerance to salt when compared to Diamond zoysiagrass (DALZ8502) but significantly more salt tolerance than Meyer. These results were shown in a greenhouse study using a salinity ramping procedure where 1575 ppm NaCl was added daily to a hydroponic solution of Hoagland's solution over a period of 12 weeks (Marcum et al. 1994) . The test included a total of 59 zoysiagrass entries. Only selected data are provided for the entries in the NTEP trials (Table 7). The moderate salt tolerance of Palisades combined with its low water use requirements further expands the utility of this grass and greater pressure is continually placed on turfgrass managers and consumers to use alternate water supplies; supplies which often have compromised water quality. Long term continued use of poor quality water will lead to elevated and often toxic salt levels in the root zone of the turf. Grasses with a low water requirement and moderate to high salinity tolerance as demonstrated by Palisades will find an important niche in low maintenance turf culture where marginal quality water resources are available or the norm..

COLOR RETENTION: Palisades is intermediate in its ability to maintain green color during the winter however, it was significantly better than Meyer, and El Toro (Table 8). As a species, Z. japonica's are more cold tolerant and does better in the more northern distribution for zoysias. These northern species have a natural tendency to enter into winter dormancy earlier than species which evolved in more tropical areas where Z. matrella and Z tenuifolia evolved. The finer textured and more tropical species have longer winter color retention, but, conversely are also more susceptible to winter injury. Palisades and entries above it (Table 8) provide moderate color through the 3 Jan 1995 evaluation while over half of the entries had already gone dormant.

PEST RESISTANCE:

Insects and Mites: Fall armyworm and tropical sod webworm can annually be very damaging to warm season turfgrass in the southern U.S. and particularly in the Southeast. The tawny mole cricket is the number one most damaging insect problem to turfgrass in the southern U.S. The zoysiagrass mite is a relatively new introduction for the Pacific Rim area where it is one of their major pests, and has the potential to cause considerable damage to its host specific grass. Insect response of Palisades is summarized in Table 9. Palisades appears to be susceptible to the fall army worm (Reinert et al. 1994). It is moderately resistant to the zoysiagrass mite (Reinert et al. 1993.), moderately resistant to the tropical sod webworm (Reinert and Engelke 1992), and the tawny mole cricket (Braman et al. 1994). In contrast, Meyer is susceptible to each of these pest. Although Meyer expressed resistance to neonate fall armyworm, it is susceptible to the later instars. Multiple insect resistance that is apparent for Palisades may play a very important role in the success of zoysia as a turf species.

DISEASE: Common disease of zoysiagrasses include two viral diseases; Zoysia dwarf and Zoysia mosaic found in Japan (Smiley et al. 1992) and of fungal diseases including Zoysia rust (Puccinia zoysiae), and the yellow patch disease (Rhizoctonia cerealis) that are widely distributed fungal diseases. Susceptibility of Z. japonica to Sclerotinia Dollar Spot has also been observed (Smith et al. 1989).

Inoculation studies were conducted with 18 experimental and six commercial zoysiagrasses at TAMU-Dallas to determine their relative susceptibility to Rhizoctonia blight. Field collected zoysiagrass plugs were inoculated in a walk-in growth chamber over a 7-day period. Rhizoctonia blight susceptibility differed significantly among the genotypes in the study (Metz et al, 1994, 1995). Palisades was classified as moderately resistant to Rhizoctonia. Palisades also ranked among the nine zoysiagrasses with the fastest recuperability following R. solani inoculation. In a second inoculation study, 40 experimental and commercial zoysiagrasses were used to determine relative susceptibility to Pythium blight (Pythium aphanadermatum) which is a common foliar turfgrass pathogen in the southern growing zones. Results of this study indicated Palisades to be among the most moderately resistant zoysiagrass genotypes(Colbaugh and Engelke 1993).

Palisades was not included in studies concerning Sclerotina dollar spot (Table 12). In general however it is believed that zoysiagrasses with fine leaf texture and high leaf density were generally more dollar spot susceptible that turfgrasses with coarser leaves and lower leaf density (Colbaugh and Engelke, 1993b).

Palisades has multiple pest resistance as summarized in Table 9 and is specifically noted for its resistant to the tropical sod webworm. The tropical sod webworm could present an economic problem as in many of the climates which Palisades is adapted.

Table 1a. Listing of states participating in the 1991 Zoysiagrass National Turfgrass Evaluation Trials.

Table 1b. Listing of parameters evaluated which impacted the quality ratings reflected in Table 1.

Table 2. Quality ratings of the 1991 NTEP ZOYSIAGRASS TRIALS over a 3 yr period at 23 locations in 16 states. Data is presented as the rank in performance assigned by the NTEP for each year, the annual and accumulative (TTL) Turf Performance Index (TPI) calculated on the basis of LSD means separations, and the annual quality (1-9, where 9= best) for each of the 3 yrs. Sorted by TPI rank (3 yr avg).

Z. matrella's Finer Textured hybrid leaf types.

Z. japonica's Coarser textured leaf types.

NTEP Rank - based on mean performance over 24 locations each year. Listed by year, overall rank calculated based on simple mathematics. Ties are averaged.

TPI = Turf performance index, separately calculated based on LSD separations provided by NTEP and accumulated based on mean performance at 24 locations each year. Total TPI simple mathematical accumulation of TPI's from previous years.

^*Quality = mean performance of each grass over all locations each year. Simple means calculation to compute over all mean.

^** Tex = Texture from White et al. 1993

Table 3. Ranking Of Mean Turfgrass Quality Ratings Of Zoysiagrass Cultivars At Twenty-Two Locations In The United States^*

1992 DATA

QUALITY RANKINGS; 1=HIGHEST MEAN: STATE LOCATIONS REPORTING**

* This table contains no statistical values (LSD Values). Therefore it should only be used to determine the general performance of an entry or entries across several locations or regions. To assess statistical difference among entries, refer to the means and LSD values found in Table 1.

** Ranking of mean turfgrass quality is achieved by assigning "1" to the highest mean, "2" to the second highest mean, etc. For each location. For example, if two means are tied for second and third ranks, both are assigned "2.5".

Morris, 1993. National Zoysiagrass Test - 1991. Progress Report 1992. Nat. Turf Eval. Prog. NTEP No. 93-4: 9.

Table 4. Ranking Of Mean Turfgrass Quality Ratings Of Zoysiagrass Cultivars At Twenty-Two Locations In The United States^*

1993 DATA

QUALITY RANKINGS; 1=HIGHEST MEAN: STATE LOCATIONS REPORTING**

* This table contains no statistical values (LSD Values). Therefore it should only be used to determine the general performance of an entry or entries across several locations or regions. To assess statistical difference among entries, refer to the means and LSD values found in Table 1.

** Ranking of mean turfgrass quality is achieved by assigning "1" to the highest mean, "2" to the second highest mean, etc. For each location. For example, if two means are tied for second and third ranks, both are assigned "2.5".

Morris, 1994. National Zoysiagrass Test - 1991. Progress Report 1993. Nat. Turf Eval. Prog. NTEP No. 94-5:11.

Table 5*. Supplemental irrigation water requirement for commercial and experimental zoysiagrasses during July 1989 through August 1991 at Dallas, Texas.*

MSD, minimum significant difference for comparison of means within columns based on the Waller-Duncan k-ratio t-test (k=100).

Total annual precipitation

*White, et al. 1993.

Table 6a. List of the types of observations for 1992- 1995 year for the 1991 NTEP zoysiagrass shade trial at TAES-Dallas.

Table 6b. Accumulative performance index (PI) for 1992-1995, for the 1991 NTEP zoysiagrass trial planted under 90% shade at TAES-Dallas.

^* Seeded entry.

**PI = Performance Index is the frequency of occurrence in the top statistical group or when a variety is not statistically different from the top performing variety. Maximum number of observations = 49.

Table 7*. Average percent shoot salt injury (average of 20 rating dates) on zoysiagrass entries in the 1991 NTEP Trials. (From Marcum et al. 1994 CPR-5244) .

^*Selected data set; complete data set includes 59 varieties and cultivars.

NTEP= National Turfgrass Evaluation Program.

Species identity.

Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, based on the Waller-Duncan k-ratio t-test (k-ratio=100)

^Seed propagated varieties.

Table 8. Green color retention (% of the turf that is green) during winter 1994-5 for the NTEP zoysiagrass trial planted at TAES-Dallas in August 1993.

^** TPI is the turf performanc index, or the number of times an entry was rated in the top statistical group. Statistical tests were performed on transformed data, but means of untransformed data are listed. Means in the top statistical group are indicated by an 'a

^* Seeded entry.

Table 9 . Summary of pest and disease resistance in selected zoysiagrasses.

R = resistant; M= moderately resistant; S = susceptible

Literature Cited

Dudeck, A. E. and C. H. Peacock. 1992. Shade and Turfgrass Culture. In D. V. Waddington, R. N. Carrow, and R. C. Shearman (eds.). Turfgrass Agron. Mono. No. 32: 269-284.

Braman, S. K., A. F. Pendley, R. N. Carrow and M. C. Engelke. 1994. Potential resistance in zoysiagrasses to the tawny mole crickets (Orthoptera:Gryllotalpidae) Fl. Entomol. 77(3): 301-305.

Colbaugh, P. F. and M. C. Engelke. 1992. Sclerotinia dollar spot on Inoculated zoysiagrasses. APS Biol. & Cult. Test Data 8: 126.

Colbaugh, P. F. and M. C. Engelke. 1993. Pythium Blight on Inoculated zoysiagrasses. APS Biol. & Cult. Test Data 8:125.

Colbaugh, P. F., S. P. Metz and M. C. Engelke. 1993. Pythium blight on inoculated zoysiagrasses. TX Turfgrass Res. - 1993, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR 5131: 86-87.

Colbaugh, P. F., S. P. Metz and M. C. Engelke. 1993. Sclerotinia dollarspot incidence on zoysiagrass. TX Turfgrass Res. - 1993, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR 5133: 89-90.

Colbaugh, P. F. and M. C. Engelke. 1993. Rhizoctonia Blight on Inoculated zoysiagrasses. APS BCT Test Data 8: 158.

Marcum, K. B., M. C. Engelke, S. J. Morton and C. Dayton. 1994. Salinity tolerances of selected bermudagrass and zoysiagrass genotypes. TX Turfgrass Res. - 1993, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR 5140: 105-107.

Metz, S. P., P. F. Colbaugh and M. C. Engelke. 1994. Rhizoctonia Blight on Inoculated zoysiagrasses. APS BCT Test Data 9: 158.

Metz, S. P., P.F. Colbaugh and M. C. Engelke. 1993. Rhizoctonia blight susceptibility among commercial and experimental zoysiagrasses. TX Turfgrass Res. - 1993, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR 5129: 82-83.

Morris, K. 1993. National zoysiagrass test - 1991, Progress report 1992. Nat. Turfgrass Eval. Prog. NTEP No. 93-4: 32p.

Morris, K. 1994. National zoysiagrass test - 1991, Progress report 1993. Nat. Turfgrass Eval. Prog. NTEP No. 94-5: 54p.

Morton, S. J., M. C. Engelke, and R. H. White. 1991. Performance of four warm-season turfgrass genera cultured in dense shade. TX Turfgrass Res. - 1991, Consolidated Prog Rep. PR-4894: 51-52.

Morton, S. J. and M. C. Engelke. 1994. Performance of three warm-season turfgrass genera cultured in shade. III. Zoysia spp. TX Turfgrass Res. - 1993, Consolidated Prog Rep. PR 5139:102-104.

Morton, S. J., M. C. Engelke, and K. G. Porter. 1994a. Performance of three warm-season turfgrass genera cultured in shade. III. Zoysia spp. TX Turfgrass Res. - 1994, Consolidated Prog Rep. PR 5242: 27-29.

Morton, S. J., T. Stanton, and M. C. Engelke 1994b. Zoysiagrass shade tolerance. TX Turfgrass Res. - 1994, Consolidated Prog Rep. PR 5244: 30-32.

Reinert, J. A. and M. C. Engelke. 1992. Resistance in zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) To the tropical sod webworm (Herptegramma pheopteralis). TX Turfgrass Research-1992, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR 4996: 55-57.

Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, and S. J. Morton. 1993. Zoysiagrass resistance to the zoysiagrass mite, Eriophyes zoysiae (Acari:Eriopyidae) . Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 7: 349-352.

Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, S. J. Morton, P.S. Graff, and B. R. Wiseman. 1994. Resistance in zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp) to the fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda). TX Turfgrass Research-1992. Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR 5248: 39-42.

Smiley, R. W., P. H. Dernoeden and B. B. Clarke. 1992. Compendium of Turf Diseases. A.P.S. Press: Minneapolis. 98p

Smith, J. D., N. Jackson and A. R. Woolhouse, 1989. Fungal disease of Anmenity Turfgrasses. E. & F.N. Spong: London. 401 p.

White, R. H. M. C. Engelke, S.J. Morton, and B.A. Ruemmele, 1993. Irrigation water requirement of zoysiagrass. In Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 7. R. N. Carrow et al. (Eds). Intertec Pub. Corp., Overland Park, KS. Chap. 83: 587-593.

USGA Semi-Annual and Annual Research Reports 1985 - 1995 . (Reports on file at TAES, Dallas and USGA, Far Hills NJ). All information can be provided as necessary. Data presented supports the primary features and merits of the grass.

AGRONOMIC MERITS OF PALISADES

• MEDIUM-COARSE TEXTURE
• HIGH VISUAL QUALITY
• RAPID ESTABLISHMENT AND REGROWTH
• GOOD FALL COLOR RETENTION
• SHADE TOLERANT
• SALT TOLERANT
• COLD HARDY
• HEAT TOLERANT
• MOWING HEIGHT: 1.0 - 5.0 cm

UTILITY OF PALISADES

• HOME LAWNS

• INDUSTRIAL PARKS

• GOLF COURSE FAIRWAYS AND/OR ROUGHS

• HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY

• AIRPORT GROUNDS

• RECREATIONAL AREAS

AGRONOMIC LIMITATIONS OF PALISADES

• Coarse Textured
• Susceptible to fall armyworm

Figure 1. Linear Gradient Irrigation System aerial view under summer stress (July 1990).

Figure 2. Close up of individual entries of zoysiagrass under LGIS water treatment.

Copyright © 2000 Texas A&M University / M.C. Engelke & Sean Pease. All rights reserved.
Revised: May 22, 2003 .